Except to the Scots ... this is cool but totally useless:
Scotland is geologically alien to Europe, comprising a lost sliver of the ancient continent of
Laurentia (which later formed the bulk of
North America). During the
Cambrian period the crustal region which became Scotland formed part of the continental shelf of Laurentia, then still south of the equator. Laurentia was separated from the continent of
Baltica (which later became
Scandinavia and the
Baltic region) by the diminishing
Iapetus Ocean. The two ancient continents moved toward one another through the Cambrian and
Ordovician periods, with tectonic folding during the
Silurian pushing the first Scottish land above water. The final collision occurred during the
Devonian period, with the Scottish segment of the Laurentian plate smashing into
Avalonia (which contained what is now most of
England and
Wales), a motile subcontinent which had previously joined with Baltica. This impact threw up a massive chain of mountains (at least as tall as the present-day
Alps) and saw the formation of the granitic
West Highland and
Grampian mountain chains and (through the
Carboniferous) a period of volcanic activity in central and eastern Scotland. During the
Permian and
Triassic periods, with the Iapetus Ocean entirely closed, Scotland lay near the centre of the
Pangaean supercontinent. With the advent of the
Tertiary, a constructive plate boundary became active between Laurentia and Eurasia, pushing the two apart (and parting Scotland from Laurentia forever). This recession opened the
Atlantic Ocean for the first time, and the consequent subduction zone at the western plate margin led to a renewed period of vulcanism, this time on Scotland's west coast, producing fresh mountains on
Skye,
Jura,
Mull,
Rùm, and
Arran.
This tectonic activity produced the basis of Scotland's topography: ancient mountains in the North and South of the country, partially eroded by 400 million years of water and ice with a wide fertile valley between them, and a newer, wilder western terrain. With Scotland now in the northern temperate zone, it was subjected to numerous glaciations in the Neogene and
Quaternary periods, the ice sheets and their attendant glaciers carving the landscape into a typical postglacial one, overdeeping river valleys into the characteristic U-shape and leaving the upland areas covered with glacial corries and dramatic pyramidal peaks. In lowland areas the ice deposited rich fields of fertile glacial till and eroded the softer material surrounding the extinct volcanoes (particularly the older Carboniferous ones), leaving many
crags.